Use of Torula Yeast from Sugar Cane Molasses in White Leghorn Replacement Hens.

The use of Torula yeast from sugar cane molasses in the diet of White Leghorn replacement chicks L-33 was eva-luated. Two hundred 15-20 week-old chicks were used in a completely randomized design, comprising 4 treatments (10 birds per cage). Torula rations were 0,  3,  6, and 9 g/animal/day in growing diets  (105-112 days), and prelaying diets (113-140 days, or at the end of the experiment), with 4 repetitions each. The results showed that at 0; 6 and 9 g/animal/day of Torula yeast, the productive behavior of the chicks was affected. Adding 3 g/animal/day of Torula yeast in the diet of White Leghorn L-33 replacement  at the end of the growing stage, led to a higher productive behavior than in the rest of the treatments, similar indicators to their contemporary. Accordingly, identifying chicks with low weight, small size, and poor shape was made easier, and they could be returned to the production areas

Utilización de la levadura torula de mieles de caña de azúcar en pollonas de reemplazo White Leghorn L-33.

Se evaluó el uso de la levadura torula, obtenida  de mieles de caña de azúcar, en la dieta de pollitas de reemplazo White LeghornL-33.  Se utilizaron 200 pollitas  de quince a veinte semanas de edad. Se distribuyeron según diseño completamente aleatorio (10 aves/jaula), en cuatro tratamientos las contemporáneas y  se incluyó 0; 3; 6 y 9 g/animal/día de levadura torula de miel de caña de azúcar, en dietas de desarrollo (105-112 días) y prepostura (113-140 días o al finalizar el experimento), con 4 repeticiones cada una. Los resultados demostraron que niveles  de 0; 6 y 9 g/animal/día  de levadura  torula afectan el comportamiento productivo de las pollitas. Al incluir  3 g/animal/día de levadura torula  en la dieta de reemplazo White Leghorn L-33 al finalizar la etapa de desarrollo se logró un compor-tamiento productivo superior al resto de los tratamientos,  pues alcanzaron indicadores similares a los de sus contemporáneas.Use of Torula Yeast from Sugar Cane Molasses in Replacement White Leghorn Chicks L-33.ABSTRACTThe use of Torula yeast from sugar cane molasses in the diet of White Leghorn replacement chicks L-33 was eva-luated. Two hundred 15-20 week-old chicks were used in a completely randomized design, comprising 4 treatments (10 birds per cage).  Torula rations were 0; 3; 6, and 9 g/animal/day in growing diets  (105-112 days), and pre-laying diets (113-140 days, or at the end of the experiment), with 4 repetitions each. The results showed that at 0; 6, and 9 g/animal/day of torula yeast, the productive behavior of the chicks is affected. Adding 3 g/animal/day of torula yeast in the diet of White Leghorn replacement  L-33 at the end of the growing stage, led to a higher productive be-havior than in the rest of the treatments, similar indicators to their contemporary. Acc ordingly, identifying chicks with low weight, small size, and poor shape was made easier, and they could be returned to the production areas

Non-Linear Models for Growth, Development, and Posture of L-33 White Leghorn Hens, according to Economic Indicators

The Zootechnical Factors established by the main indicators of bioeconomic behavior were determined for the pro-ductive-commercial cycle of L-33 White Leghorn hens in the province of Ciego de Ávila, Cuba. A number of 55 cycles were analyzed for validation of mathematical models between 2002 and 2014; other 18 cycles were studied between 2014 and 2016. Descriptive statistics, generalized mixed models (GLIMMIX), and five-function modelling were used. SAS 9.3 for Windows was also used. The productive cycles were similar to the standard set up for the breed and line in Cuba. Laying was 293 eggs/poultry, with a conversion of 1.40 feed kg/10 eggs, and a cost of $ 0.36 CUP an egg. The starting sheds and year had effects on live weight, tarsus length, uniformity, and daily weight gain up to 175 days. Sexual maturity, conversion, egg production, egg cost, and net income were influenced by farm, whereas each farm´s starting shed and the years, had negative effects on most biological indicators. Low, but significant effects of combined climate variables were observed in the bioeconomic indicators. The Gompertz´s model for growth, and Mc Nally´s for laying, were the best predicting tools for production. Along with GLIMMIX, they will contribute with suitable criteria for better decision making to increase egg production

A Model to Estimate the Laying Curve of White Leghorn Hens in the Last Three Years in the Province of Ciego de Avila, Cuba

A number of 15 976 egg production records from three hen batches in Ciego de Avila (2016) were used. The laying curve was characterized in similar conditions to IIA (2013), Republic of Cuba. The estimation of the laying curves made of mean productions from three stages in a year was presented. Four mathematical models were applied for curve adjustment: McNally, Wood, quadratic logarithmic, and linear hyperbolic. Different statistical criteria were used for validation: determination coefficient (R2), (R2A), residual analysis, and others. The means, standard deviation (SD), standard error (SE), and variation coefficient (VC) were made for each period. Egg production accounted for 84.35 and 60.61% of total laying, the best year was 2016. The highest values of SE and VC were observed at the end of production, as expected. Adjustment and discrimination showed a high adjustment criterion in the four models, but the best values were observed with McNally (1971), in R2 (99.60%), and adjusted R2 (99.42%). McNally reached the highest adjustment values: YM=-2233.62-18583.8*(MONTH/426)-029.0*(MONTH/426**2+780.241*log (426/MONTH)-68.1269*(log(426/MONTH))*2, and it described the best production of White Leghorn (L33) hens in Ciego de Avila

Uso de modelos no lineales para el crecimiento, desarrollo y postura de gallinas White Leghorn L33 con relación a indicadores económicos

Se determinaron los factores zootécnicos que establecieron los principales indicadores bioeconómicos del comportamiento del ciclo productivo comercial de las gallinas White Leghorn L33 en la provincia de Ciego de Ávila, Cuba. Se analizaron 55 ciclos durante los años 2002 a 2014 y 18 ciclos de 2014 a 2016 para la validación de los modelos matemáticos. Se utilizaron estadística descriptiva, modelos mixtos generalizados (GLIMMIX) y modelado con cinco funciones. Se utilizó el programa SAS 9.3. Los ciclos productivos se caracterizaron por su aproximación al estándar establecido para esta raza y línea en Cuba. La puesta fue de 293 huevos / ave, con conversión de 1,40 kg de pienso / 10 huevos y el costo del huevo de 0,36 CUP. Las naves de inicio y el año influyeron en el peso vivo, largo de tarso, uniformidad y ganancia diaria hasta 175 días. La granja influyó en la edad a la madurez sexual, la conversión, la producción de huevo, el costo del huevo y el ingreso neto; mientras que la nave de inicio, dentro de cada finca, y los años influyeron significativamente en la mayoría de los indicadores biológicos. Se encontraron efectos bajos, pero significativos de la acción integrada de las variables climáticas en los indicadores bioeconómicos. Los modelos de Gompertz para el crecimiento y Mc Nally para la puesta demostraron ser los mejores predictores del comportamiento productivo que, junto con el uso de GLIMMIX, permitirá criterios adecuados para una mejor toma de decisiones con el fin de aumentar la producción de huevos.AbstractThe Zootechnical Factors established by the main bioeconomic behavior indicators were determined for the productive-commercial cycle of L-33 White Leghorn hens in the province of Ciego de Avila, Cuba. A number of 55 cycles were analyzed for validation of mathematical models between 2002 and 2014; along with other 18 cycles, between 2014 and 2016. Descriptive statistics, generalized mixed models (GLIMMIX), and modeling with five functions were used, along with SAS 9.3. The productive cycles were similar to the standard set up for the Cuban breed and line. Laying accounted for 293 eggs/poultry, with a conversion of 1.40 feed kg/10 eggs, and a cost of $ 0.36 CUP an egg. The starting houses and the year had effects on live weight, tarsus length, uniformity, and daily weight gain up to 175 days. Sexual maturity, conversion, egg production, egg cost, and net income were influenced by the farm, whereas each farm´s starting house and the years, had negative effects on most biological indicators. Low, but significant effects of combined action of climate variables were observed in the bioeconomic indicators. The Gompertz models for growth, and MacNally for laying, were the best predicting tools for production. Along with GLIMMIX, they will contribute with suitable criteria for better decision making to increase egg production

Modelación de curvas de puesta de los tres últimos años en gallinas White Leghorn en la provincia Ciego de Ávila.

Se utilizaron 15 976 registros de producción de huevos, correspondientes a tres crianzas del 2016 en la provincia Ciego de Ávila. Se caracterizó la curva de puesta en condiciones similares a las propuestas por IIA (2013) en la República de Cuba.  Se muestra la estimación de las curvas de puesta realizadas con  las producciones medias corres-pondientes a tres etapas de 12 meses. Se aplicaron cuatro modelos matemáticos para el ajuste a dicha curva: Mc N a-lly, Wood, Cuadrática logarítmica y lineal hiperbólica. Para la validación se tomaron diferentes criterios estadí sticos: coeficiente de determinación (R2), (R2 A), además del análisis de los residuos entre otros. Para cada período se o b-tuvo la media, desviación estándar DE, error estándar (EE) y coeficiente de variación (CV). La producción de huevos alcanzó valores entre 84,35 y 60,61 % de puesta y el mejor año fue el 2016, mientras que los valores más altos de EE y CV correspondieron al final del periodo de producción, como era de esperar. La bondad de ajuste y discriminación entre los modelos utilizados demostraron un alto criterio de ajuste en los cuatro modelos, pero el mejor fue  Mc Nally (1971) con R2 de 99,60 %, los R2 ajustados con 99,42 %. La expresión Mc Nally, alcanzó los valores más altos de ajuste YM=-2233,62-18583,8*(MES/426)-029,0*(MES/426**2+780,241*log(426/MES)-68,1269*(log(426/MES))*2 y describe mejor la producción huevo de gallinas White Leghorn L33 en las condiciones de Ciego de Ávila.Laying Curve Model of White Leghorn Hens in the Last Three Years in the Province of Ciego de Avila, Cuba.ABSTRACTA number of 15 976 egg production records from three hen batches in Ciego de Avila (2016) were used. The laying curve was characterized in similar conditions to IIA (2013), Republic of Cuba. E stimation of the laying curves made to mean productions from three stages in a year, was presented. Four mathematical models were applied for curve adjustment: McNally, Wood, quadratic logarithmic, and linear hyperbolic. Different statistical criteria were used for validation: determination coefficient (R2), (R2A), as well as residue analysis and others. Mean, standard deviation (SD), standard error (SE), and variation coefficient (VC) were achieved for each period. Egg production accounted for 84.35 and 60.61% of total laying, 2016 was the best year. The highest values of SE and VC were observed at the end of production, as expected. Adjustment and discrimination showed a high adjustment criterion in the four models, but the best values were observed with McNally (1971), in R2 (99.60%), and adjusted R2 (99.42%). McNally reached the highest adjustment values: YM=-2233.62-18583.8* (MONTH/426)-029.0*(MONTH/426**2+780.241*log (426/MONTH)-68.1269*(log  (426/MONTH))*2, and it described the best production of White Leghorn L33 hens in Ciego de Avil

Modelo de gestión urbana sostenible

Este libro tiene como propósito brindar al lector un compendio de opiniones y puntos de vista generados por expertos desde diferentes áreas del conocimiento, que le permitan tener una visión global de los elementos que se deben considerar cuando se busca entender y generar soluciones a problemas que emergen de sistemas urbanos. Vale mencionar que lo presentado aquí no contiene todos los puntos de vista y opiniones posibles, y que en muchos casos es factible aportar desde algún tópico no incluido aquí. Este libro está dirigido a todas aquellas personas que tengan algún interés en el análisis de problemas urbanos, así como a un público más amplio que pueda encontrar aquí ideas y opiniones que le permitan formarse las suyas propias sobre estos asuntos

El desarrollo municipal, factor estratégico en el posicionamiento de México en los escenarios políticos y sociales del siglo XXI

LA DEMOCRACIA COMO GOBERNABILIDAD IMPLICA, EN UN PRIMER MOMENTO, establecer una revisión periódica del papel interventor del Estado, por ser éste el principal factor de estabilidad y desarrollo democrático. En un segundo punto, de forma simultánea al estudio del papel del Estado en la conformación de un ambiente de estabilidad, crecimiento, desarrollo, orden y gobernabilidad, merece especial atención el papel y funciones cumplidas tradicionalmente por sus ámbitos de gobierno, como instancias que son fundamentales para la transición, democratización, liberalización y para la propia gobernabilidad

Human Y chromosome sequences from Q Haplogroup reveal a South American settlement pre-18,000 years ago and a profound genomic impact during the Younger Dryas

The settlement of the Americas has been the focus of incessant debate for more than 100 years, and open questions regarding the timing and spatial patterns of colonization still remain today. Phylogenetic studies with complete human Y chromosome sequences are used as a highly informative tool to investigate the history of human populations in a given time frame. To study the phylogenetic relationships of Native American lineages and infer the settlement history of the Americas, we analyzed Y chromosome Q Haplogroup, which is a Pan-American haplogroup and represents practically all Native American lineages in Mesoamerica and South America. We built a phylogenetic tree for Q Haplogroup based on 102 whole Y chromosome sequences, of which 13 new Argentine sequences were provided by our group. Moreover, 1,072 new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that contribute to its resolution and diversity were identified. Q-M848 is known to be the most frequent autochthonous sub-haplogroup of the Americas. The present is the first genomic study of Q Haplogroup in which current knowledge on Q-M848 sub-lineages is contrasted with the historical, archaeological and linguistic data available. The divergence times, spatial structure and the SNPs found here as novel for Q-Z780, a less frequent sub-haplogroup autochthonous of the Americas, provide genetic support for a South American settlement before 18,000 years ago. We analyzed how environmental events that occurred during the Younger Dryas period may have affected Native American lineages, and found that this event may have caused a substantial loss of lineages. This could explain the current low frequency of Q-Z780 (also perhaps of Q-F4674, a third possible sub-haplogroup autochthonous of the Americas). These environmental events could have acted as a driving force for expansion and diversification of the Q-M848 sub-lineages, which show a spatial structure that developed during the Younger Dryas period.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y MuseoInstituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celula

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio